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Introduction to Economics

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  Economics : It is that branch of knowledge in which those activities of human beings are studied which they undertake to acquire scarce means to satisfy their unlimited wants. It is the rational management of scarce resources at optimum level. Resource is anything which is useful to satisfy the human wants,but it is technologically accessible,economically feasible and culturally acceptable. In Economics resources are means to production(Land,Labour , Capital, Entrepreneur). Characteristics of resources in Economics: 1- It is scarce in nature. Like land etc 2- It has alternative uses. Like we can use land for farming or living. 3-Human wants are unlimited for resources. Like we want enough land on which we can produce everything as well as we live comfortably. The above three factors leads to choice,thus scarcity and choice is the essence of Economics. Branches of Economics 1-Micro Economics 2-Macro Economics 1-Micro Economics: It is that branch of economics which deals with econ...
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Cardinal Utility Analysis

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 Concept of utility: it refers to satisfaction derived from the consumption of a goods. In other words want satisfying power of a commodity is called utility Cardinal measurement of utility:  The great economist Alfred  Marshall said we can measure the satisfaction in terms of cardinal numbers like 1,2,3 etc. And standard unit of measuring the satisfaction is called utils. Total Utility: It is the total number of utils derived from the consumption all units of a goods.Ex- If I consume one chocolate and get 10 utils, and again I consume the same chocolate and get 9 utils then total utils =19 utils.                                                                  TU=∑MU                        Marginal Ut...
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Rotation of Production possibility curve

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 Rotation of Production possibility curve: PPC can rotate in following circumstances. 1-Improvement in the technology in the favour of good -X : If there is an improvement in the technology in favour of goods -X then the production of goods-X raise on that the particular resources but production of goods-Y remains the unchanged accordingly PPC rotates. Fig-6 Before the improvement in technology in the favour of goods-X the PPC is ab but after improvement it rotates and be ac. 2-Improvement in the technology in the favour of good -X :  If there is an improvement in the technology in favour of goods -Y then the production of goods-Y raise on that the particular resource but production of goods-X remains the unchanged accordingly PPC rotates. Fig-7 Before the improvement in technology in the favour of goods-Y the PPC is  ab  but after improvement it rotates and be  ac. Note: If any technical improvement done in favour of both goods then PPC will shift, not rotate....
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