Positive and Normative Economics



 Positive and Normative Economics

Positive Economics: It deals with Economic statement related to past, present or future . It deals with such economic situation which can be studied by using facts and figures thus it is verifiable in nature.
Ex: Population of India is more than 120 crores.

Normative Economics: It is the Economics of "What is ought to be". It deals with the opinions of Economists related to the Economic issues or problems. Different Economists may offer different opinions on the solution to an economic problem, thus it cannot be verified.
Ex: Wage of a worker must be ₹1000/ per day.

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Attainable and unattainable combinations of PPC.

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 Attainable and unattainable combinations of PPC : Those combination which are lie either on PPC or the inside of PPC are called attainable combinations, but those combinations which are lie outside the PPC are called unattainable combination of PPC.  Figure-2 In the figure-2, A,B,C& Z are attainable combinations of PPC, where combinations A,B,C offer fuller utilisation of resources but combination Z offers underutilisation of resources, while on the other hand combination K is unattainable combination. For more detail: please watch this video ,subscribe #vc official on youtube.
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Rotation of Production possibility curve

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 Rotation of Production possibility curve: PPC can rotate in following circumstances. 1-Improvement in the technology in the favour of good -X : If there is an improvement in the technology in favour of goods -X then the production of goods-X raise on that the particular resources but production of goods-Y remains the unchanged accordingly PPC rotates. Fig-6 Before the improvement in technology in the favour of goods-X the PPC is ab but after improvement it rotates and be ac. 2-Improvement in the technology in the favour of good -X :  If there is an improvement in the technology in favour of goods -Y then the production of goods-Y raise on that the particular resource but production of goods-X remains the unchanged accordingly PPC rotates. Fig-7 Before the improvement in technology in the favour of goods-Y the PPC is  ab  but after improvement it rotates and be  ac. Note: If any technical improvement done in favour of both goods then PPC will shift, not rotate. For more detail: please
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Shifting of PPC

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  Shifting of PPC : PPC can shift in following circumstances. Change in resources Change in technology 1-Change in resources:  PPC can shift both rightward or forward and leftward or backward due to change in resources. Change in resources means either increase in resources or decrease in resources. a- Increase in resources:  If resources are increased either quantitative or qualitative we can produce more of both goods thus PPC shift rightward or forward. Figure-3 In fig-3,When resources are increased PPC shift from ab to cd.  b-decrease in resources:  If resources are decreased either quantitative or qualitative we can produce less of both goods thus PPC shift leftward or backward. Figure-4 In fig-4,When resources are decreased PPC shift from cd to ab. 2-Change in technology: When efficient technology comes into existence which are suitable for both goods then we can produce more of both goods thus PPC shift to rightward or forward.  figure -5 in figure 5, when modern technology
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